Apple cider vinegar

Could apple cider vinegar be used for health improvement and weight loss?

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 2

Year: 2021

Authors: Sirotkin Alexander

Journal: New Insights in Obesity: Genetics and Beyond

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar shows potential in improving health and weight loss, with current knowledge suggesting its safety and recommended dosage for treating obesity.

Abstract: This non-systematic review outlines the current knowledge concerning provenance, chemical composition and properties of apple cider vinegar, its general health effects, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning its action on fat storage, physiological mechanisms of its effects, as well as its safety and recommended dosage for treatment of obesity.

Safety and side effects of apple vinegar intake and its effect on metabolic parameters and body weight: a systematic review

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 31

Year: 2020

Authors: Tine Louise Launholt, C. Kristiansen, P. Hjorth

Journal: European Journal of Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple vinegar consumption may have beneficial health effects, with insufficient evidence for definitive conclusions, and more large-scale, long-term clinical studies are needed for definitive conclusions.

Abstract: IntroductionApple vinegar (AV) has been proclaimed to have different health benefits, such as a weight loss, the ability to lower blood glucose levels, and reducing the risk of heart diseases. Studies on animals have demonstrated effects of AV consumption, deepening our knowledge of the beneficial effects and side effects.AimThe aims of this study were to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters and body weight in humans, furthermore, to evaluate the safety and side effects of ingesting AV, and additionally to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters, safety, and side effects of AV from studies performed on animals (mammals).MethodsA systematic literature search was performed. The databases PubMed (MEDLINE), PsycInfo (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco), and Embase (Ovid) were searched for relevant articles. Primary outcomes were glycated hemoglobin, postprandial glucose, and synonyms for blood glucose. Secondary outcomes were waist circumference, visceral fat, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Studies performed on humans and animals were included. The included studies performed on humans were quality assessed for risk of bias using a version of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.ResultsA total of 487 papers were identified in the literature search. Of these, 13 studies performed on humans and 12 studies performed on animals were included. There may be beneficial health effects from the consumption of AV. The risk of side effects when ingested in recommended quantities and in recommended ways seems inconsiderable.ConclusionDue to inadequate research of high quality, the evidence for the health effects of AV is insufficient. Therefore, more large-scale, long-term clinical studies with a low risk of bias are needed before definitive conclusions can be made.

Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 4

Year: 2024

Authors: R. Abou-Khalil, Jeanne Andary, E. El-Hayek

Journal: BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar consumption for 12 weeks significantly reduced weight, blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in overweight and obese individuals without causing side effects.

Abstract: Background and aims Obesity and overweight have become significant health concerns worldwide, leading to an increased interest in finding natural remedies for weight reduction. One such remedy that has gained popularity is apple cider vinegar (ACV). Objective To investigate the effects of ACV consumption on weight, blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in a sample of the Lebanese population. Materials and methods 120 overweight and obese individuals were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving 5, 10 or 15 mL of ACV or a control group receiving a placebo (group 4) over a 12-week period. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were taken at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12. Results Our findings showed that daily consumption of the three doses of ACV for a duration of between 4 and 12 weeks is associated with significant reductions in anthropometric variables (weight, body mass index, waist/hip circumferences and body fat ratio), blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. No significant risk factors were observed during the 12 weeks of ACV intake. Conclusion Consumption of ACV in people with overweight and obesity led to an improvement in the anthropometric and metabolic parameters. ACV could be a promising antiobesity supplement that does not produce any side effects.

Apple Cider Vinegar Effervescent Tablets on Gut Health, Obesity and User Experience: An Observation

Type of study:

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors: S. Kannan, A. Anandhasayanam, Niranjana E.S, R. Rajamurugan, B. Akash, S. Abitha, R. Nandhamurugan

Journal: Asian Food Science Journal

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar effervescent tablets positively impact weight loss and alleviate issues related to digestion, appetite, constipation, cravings, and gas problems in overweight individuals over a 30-day period.

Abstract: Background: The escalating prevalence of obesity is a significant health concern, closely associated with non-communicable diseases like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. Research indicates that apple cider vinegar (ACV) may aid in lowering blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, waist circumference, and BMI, as demonstrated in animal studies and clinical trials. The primary objective of the study is to assess the impact of apple cider vinegar effervescent tablets on overweight and obese individuals within a period of 30-days. Methods: This observational study took place at the outpatient department of general medicine at Sudha Institute of Medical Science in Erode, involving 45 participants with abnormal weight. Participants consumed an apple cider vinegar effervescent tablet daily in the afternoon for 30 days, alongside mild exercise and a low-sugar diet recommendation. Anthropometric measurements and participant satisfaction data were collected on the 0th (baseline), 15th, and 30th days. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel, with descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage utilized. Results: This study comprised 75.56% of participants aged between 18 and 40 years. 44.44% of participants fall into the overweight category. Additionally, 95.5% of participants expressed an interest in weight reduction. The results revealed that reductions of 1.13 cm in waist circumference, 1.07 cm in hip circumference, 1.46 kg in weight, and 0.58 kg/m² in BMI over the 30-day period. Following the 30-day consumption of ACV, improvements were observed in abnormal food intake and resolved issues such as digestion, appetite, constipation, cravings, and gas problems. Conclusion: This study concluded that daily consumption of apple cider vinegar effervescent tablet has a positive impact on weight loss and alleviates issues related to digestion, appetite, constipation, cravings, and gas problems.

Apple Cider Vinegar in the Combat Against Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity – An Overview of Recent Research

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors: Magdalena Górska, Izabela Kałuża, Jagna Golemo, Barbara Serkis, Julia Dębińska, Magdalena Celichowska, Gabriela Dziuba, Aleksandra Bogoń, Magdalena Ostojska, Małgorzata Miazga

Journal: Quality in Sport

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar shows significant anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties, reducing glucose and weight management, and may potentiate metformin's effects.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Introduction Apple Cider Vinegar, primarily composed of acetic acid, is gaining more recognition for its possible health advantages, especially its anti-diabetic effects and its beneficial impact on weight loss. Aim of this study   The aim of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of ACV on glycemic indices and weight management in diabetic and obese patients, explore the possibilities of preventing comorbidities, and assess the safety of ACV consumption. Materials and Methods Research was performed based on Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. The literature was reviewed using the keywords : Apple Cider Vinegar, Diabetes, Glucose, Obesity. Results Studies have confirmed that apple cider vinegar exhibits significant anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. It demonstrates dose- and time-dependent effects on reducing fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid parameters. It positively impacts weight loss, reducing waist and hip circumference, and enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin. Additionally, apple cider vinegar has been shown to potentiate the effects of metformin, with liquid consumption yielding better results than pill form. Conclusions Although initial findings are encouraging, additional research with a larger participant pool and an extended duration of vinegar consumption is necessary. The brevity of the study period restricts the observation of long-term effects, and a larger sample size would improve the applicability of the findings. Key words: apple cider vinegar; diabetes; glucose; obesity

Apple Cider Vinegar Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Risk of Obesity in High-Fat-Fed Male Wistar Rats.

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 46

Year: 2017

Authors: B. Halima, G. Sonia, K. Sarra, B. Houda, B. Fethi, Aouidet Abdallah

Journal: Journal of medicinal food

Journal ranking: Q3

Key takeaways: Apple Cider Vinegar reduces oxidative stress and reduces obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors in high-fat-fed male Wistar rats by modulating antioxidant defense systems.

Abstract: Metabolic syndrome is a serious consequence of obesity characterized by increased cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. While diets enriched with natural antioxidants showed beneficial effects on oxidative stress, blood pressure, and serum lipid composition, diet supplementation with synthetic antioxidants showed contradictive results. Thus, we tested, in this study, whether a daily dosage of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) would affect cardiovascular risk factor associated with obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Obese rats showed increased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and atherogenic index after 6 and 9 weeks of being fed an HFD. Importantly, ACV ameliorated all of these parameters significantly. Oxidative stress already developed after 6 weeks of HFD and was significantly reduced by daily doses of ACV. Oral administration of ACV normalized various biochemical and metabolic changes since it exhibited a very significant (P < .001) reduction in malondialdehyde levels, whereas an increase in thiol group concentrations and antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and catalase [CAT] activities and vitamin E concentrations). In addition, a modulation in trace element levels was observed when compared with HFD groups. These findings suggested that HFD alters the oxidant-antioxidant balance, as evidenced by a reduction in the antioxidant enzyme activities and vitamin E level, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. ACV can be beneficial for the suppression of obesity-induced oxidative stress in HFD rats through the modulating antioxidant defense system and reduces the risk of obesity-associated diseases by preventing the atherogenic risk.

Apple cider vinegar effervescent tablets on gut health, obesity and user experience – A randomized controlled trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors: K. S., Anandhasayanam A, Niranjana Es, Rajamurugan R, Akash B, Abitha S, Nandhamurugan R

Journal: International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Daily consumption of apple cider vinegar effervescent tablets positively impacts weight loss and alleviates digestive issues, suggesting its potential as a complementary approach to promote overall health and well-being.

Abstract: Research indicates that apple cider vinegar (ACV) may benefit health by lowering blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, waist circumference, and BMI. To investigate further, a 60-day randomized controlled trial was conducted at Sudha Institute of Medical Science involving 77 participants with abnormal weight. They were divided into control and ACV groups. The ACV group consumed a daily ACV effervescent tablet, engaged in mild exercise, and followed a low-sugar diet, while the control group followed only the exercise and diet regimen. Anthropometric measurements and participant satisfaction data were collected throughout. The analysis revealed significant reductions in weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio over the 60-day period. Additionally, improvements were observed in abnormal food intake and various digestive issues such as appetite, constipation, cravings, and gas problems in the ACV group. Notably, 56.25% of control group participants and 44.44% of ACV group participants were categorized as overweight. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel, utilizing descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage. The study concluded that daily consumption of ACV effervescent tablets has a positive impact on weight loss and alleviates issues related to digestion and appetite. These findings underscore the potential benefits of incorporating ACV into dietary and lifestyle interventions for individuals with abnormal weight, suggesting its role as a complementary approach to promote overall health and well-being.

Apple cider vinegar in folk and modern medicine: a historical review and current scientific evidence.

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors: Anna Kiełb, Klaudia Perkowska, Anna Kaźmierczak, Wiktoria Izdebska, Patrycja Sornek, Agata Borkowska, Igor Pawlak, Anna Mich, Radosław Ciesielski, Jakub Stanek

Journal: Quality in Sport

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar shows potential benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, and metabolic regulation, but more research is needed to confirm its cosmetic applications and impact on muscle cramps.

Abstract: Introduction and Aim of the Study: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used for centuries in various cultural and medical contexts globally. This study seeks to explore ACV's traditional and contemporary applications, evaluating scientific evidence for its efficacy and safety. Material and Methods: This review synthesizes information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific sources. Key search terms included "apple cider vinegar," "apple cider vinegar medical use," "apple cider vinegar antimicrobial effect," "apple cider vinegar lipid profile," "apple cider vinegar glucose level," "apple cider vinegar preparation," and "apple cider vinegar historical use." Results: Research supports ACV's traditional role as a disinfectant, demonstrating effectiveness against a range of bacteria and fungi. Both animal and human studies suggest ACV may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels while boosting HDL cholesterol. Evidence indicates ACV can enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood glucose levels, offering benefits for type 2 diabetes management. ACV shows antioxidant properties, potential for lowering blood pressure, and use in certain skin diseases, though further research is needed to confirm these effects. Conclusions: The historical use of ACV in traditional medicine finds partial support in modern scientific research. Its antimicrobial, lipid-modulating, and glucose-regulating properties are documented, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, and metabolic regulation. Nonetheless, the evidence for its cosmetic applications and impact on muscle cramps remains less definitive. Additional research involving larger, diverse populations is necessary to fully validate ACV's benefits and establish safe usage guidelines.

Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar on Glycemic Control, Hyperlipidemia and Control on Body Weight in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 13

Year: 2019

Authors: Sofia Kausar, A. Humayun, Zaheer Ahmed, M. Abbas, A. Tahir

Journal: International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar has potential anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antiobesity effects in type 2 diabetes patients, with mechanisms including slow gastric emptying, promotes glucose uptake, and acetic acid may inhibit disaccharides activity in the small intestine.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a world-widely public health issue associated with premature mortality, decreased quality of life and increased health-care expenditures. The aim of the review was to elevate the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and obesity control in type 2 diabetes patients. Many clinical trials showed the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effect of vinegar. Proposed mechanisms action of vinegar for the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effect are including slow gastric emptying, it promotes uptake of skeleton muscles glucose in the body and acetic acid may inhibit disaccharides activity in the small intestine blocking the complete digestion of starch molecules, suppression of hepatic glucose production and increased glucose utilization. Results of previous studies showed that apple cider vinegar has the potential of anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antiobesity effects in diabetes mellitus patients. Objective of review: The objective of the current review study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and control on body weight in type 2 diabetes patients and other therapeutic and commercial effect of apple cider vinegar. Data sources: To collect data for relevant literature PubMed, Google Scholar, science direct and Cochrane sources were used.

Comparison Study between Drugs (Orlistat and Chitocal) and Food Supplements (Green Tea and Apple Cider Vinegar) for Weight Loss and Hepatoprotection in Rats

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 2

Year: 2021

Authors: Hassan M. Bukhari, S. E. Zahran, E. Bakr, Fayaz A. Sahibzadah, Eslam A. Header

Journal: The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar is the best natural weight control formula, providing a positive effect with no risk compared to chemical drugs like orlistat and chitocal.

Abstract: Background: Obesity is a major problem in Saudi Arabia. Pharmaceutical solutions were sought for treatment. Chemical formula might lead to major health side effects. Meanwhile, the use of herbal formula is alleged to be safe. Green tea and apple vinegar are some of these products. Objective: The study aimed to measure the effect of green tea and apple vinegar on obesity and liver status compared to medical drugs. Materials and methods: Thirty-six adult male albino rats were divided into normal control, and other five groups fed on high caloric and hyperlipidemic diets. They were control positive and the rest 4 groups were treated with different formula (green tea, apple cider vinegar, orlistat and chitocal). Results: All treated groups showed significant decrease in body weight when compared to control positive. Rats administered with orlistat and chitocal showed the highest significant decrease in body weight gain (BWG) when compared to control positive. Moreover, all tested groups enhanced liver functions especially chitocal and apple cider vinegar groups which showed the highest effect in ALT. Orlistat and green tea groups came in second level. Conclusion: Although, no poor effect of chemical drugs found, natural products can provide the positive effect with no risk. Apple cider vinegar was the best natural weight control formula.

Effect of the Apple Cider Vinegar on Weight Management, Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile among Obese/Overweight Adults: A Randomised Control Trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2022

Authors: A. Khalid, A. Khalid, Eisha Ashiq, A. .

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple Cider Vinegar positively affects weight management, blood sugar levels, and lipid profile in obese/overweight adults.

Abstract: Objective: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the effect of apple cider vinegar on weight management, blood sugar level, HbA1C, and on lipid profile. Design: It was a randomized control trial. Study Settings: This study was conducted at OPD of Medicine, Hameed Latif Hospital. Material and Methods: Two groups were formed, each with at least 30 participants. The first group of 30 obese/overweight patients received 15ml of ACV twice a day, before lunch and dinner (total dose of 30ml). The second group was the control group, which received 15ml of ACV twice daily before lunch and dinner (for a total dose of 30ml), but they were healthy and free of disease. The results of both interventional groups (pre and post interventional) in terms of lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels, as well as body weight, were compared. Results: Both the groups had 15 male and 15 female patients with age of obese and non-obese patients was 43 & 32.5 years respectively. Results showed reduction in weight of obese/overweight patients as compared to day 0 (34.356.07), day 30 (33.645.99) and day 60 (32.985.97), showing consistent reduction in BMI which reflected that increase in time of feeding ACV continued to decrease the body weight of obese/overweight patients. Conclusion: In conclusion it was noted from the results that Apple Cider Vinegar has a positive effect n reducing HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides and BMI levels in the respective patients Keywords: Apple Cider Vinegar, Weight, Blood Glucose Levels, Lipid Profile

Evaluating the Synergistic Activity of Metformin and Apple Cider Vinegar in Type 2 Diabetics

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2020

Authors: M. Abid, F. Ahmed, S. Shaheen, Z. Memon, M. Z. Shaikh, Faiza Agha

Journal: Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple Cider Vinegar combined with Metformin effectively improves glycemic control and enhances weight reduction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients.

Abstract: Aims: The aim of this study was to observe the effect of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) in combination with Metformin on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and glycemic control of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Study Design: Single arm pre post quasi experimental clinical trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine of a tertiary care hospital and a Diabetes and Endocrinology clinic, based in Karachi, Pakistan from April to July 2019. Methodology: A total of 30 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study (Males: 17; females: 13; age range: 27-55 years) after obtaining written informed consent. The parameters of Body weight, BMI, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of each patient were assessed before and after 12 weeks of treatment with Metformin 750 mg plus 2 Original Research Article Abid et al.; JPRI, 31(6): 1-7, 2019; Article no.JPRI.53959 2 tablespoons of ACV per day. The baseline and post treatment values of the aforementioned were compared with each other. Results: In all the 30 patients assessed after 12 weeks of treatment, the weight was significantly reduced from 85.66±18.30 kg. to 82.96±18.43 kg with a consequently significant change in the BMI from 29.38±5.08 kg/m to 28.43±5.16 kg/m. Moreover, the glycemic control, assessed as FBS and HbA1c also showed significant reduction in the FBS (127.76±9.17 to 121.23±9.54) and HbA1c (7.14±0.29 to 6.92±0.29) after 12 weeks of treatment in all 30 patients (p<0.01). Conclusion: Apple Cider Vinegar seems to be effective therapy in combination with metformin for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in improving glycemic control as well as augmenting weight reduction.

Apple cider vinegar modulates gut microbiota , improves lipid profile and attenuates tissue damage in rats with diet induced obesity

Type of study:

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2019

Authors: Hadjer., Bouderbala, Wafaa, Dib, Chahinaize, Zaoui, Fouzia, Rahli, Omar, Kheroua, D. Saidi, H. Kaddouri

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar supplementation significantly reduces weight gain and BMI in rats on a cafeteria diet, improving lipid profile and reducing gut microbiota damage.

Abstract: Obesity is well-recognized as a global epidemic and is associated with various co-morbidities. The intestinal microbiota seems to play a major role in the development of this pathology. In addition, environmental factors can modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota and promote or prevent the development of metabolic abnormalities. This study is conducted to verify the impact of apple cider vinegar on lipid profile, intestinal structure and modulation of gut microbiota in Wistar rats subjected to a cafeteria diet. 24 male adult Wistar rats are divided into 3 equal groups. A witness group submitted to standard laboratory diet and two groups subjected to cafeteria diet; one receives a daily gavage of ACV (7 mL/kg/day) for 90 days. Anthropometric measurements are performed on d0 and d90. At the end of the experiment, the animals are sacrificed, the blood is collected for biochemical assays, the jejunal fragments are removed for histological study and the contents of the colon and feces are freshly collected under sterile conditions for microbiological study. Our results show that after 90 days of experimentation, the ACV supplementation leads to a highly significant (p≤0.001) decrease in weight gain and BMI compared to the RC group, correlated with an improvement of lipids profile and a highly significant decrease (p≤0.001) of Firmicutes (Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium) both in colon and faeces. In conclusion, ACV might have a positive impact on the control of weight gain by modulation of gut microbiota, thus prevent positive energy balance and reverse overweight and obesity.

The effects of apple cider vinegar on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Type of study: meta-analysis

Number of citations: 2

Year: 2023

Authors: Sahar Dadkhah Tehrani, Mahdi Keshani, M. Rouhani, S. Moallem, Mohammad Bagherniya, A. Sahebkar

Journal: Current medicinal chemistry

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar consumption can significantly improve certain cardiometabolic risk factors, including fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and total cholesterol levels.

Abstract: BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a set of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used in several studies as a natural agent to improve CMS risk factors. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of ACV consumption on lipid and glycemic parameters. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases were systematically searched to find clinical trials evaluating the effects of ACV consumption on CMS risk factors. RESULTS Overall, 25 clinical trials (33 arms) comprising 1320 adults were entered in this study. ACV consumption could significantly improve the levels of FBG (-21.20 mg/dl; 95% CI: -32.31 to -2.21; I2: 95.8%), HbA1c (-0.91mg/dl; 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.21; I2: 98.9%), and TC (-6.72 mg/dl; 95% CI: -12.91 to -0.53; I2:50.8%). No significant results were observed for BMI, HOMA-IR, serum insulin, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Subgroup analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG, HbA1c, TC, and TG in diabetic patients. In this type of analysis, ACV consumption significantly reduced FBG levels when administered for both duration subgroups (≥12 and <12 weeks). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis based on duration, TG concentration was significantly decreased following ACV consumption for ≥ 12 weeks. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed that consumption of ACV has a favorable effect in decreasing some CMS risk factors including FBG, HbA1c, and TC.

Effectiveness of Apple Cider Vinegar in Management of Obesity : A Randomized Controlled Trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2015

Authors: Hassan M Al-Musa, O. Mostafa

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar (300mg, 3 times daily) can safely be prescribed for short-term body weight reduction in obese subjects, with mild side effects like heartburn and diarrhea.

Abstract: Aim of Study: To explore the effectiveness of daily intake of apple cider vinegar (300mg, tablets 3 times daily) on lowering body mass index (BMI) among obese subjects. Methodology: A total of 100 obese subjects were randomized into either an intervention group (who received 300mg apple cider vinegar tablets three times daily in addition to their prescribed routine management protocol) or a control group (who received their prescribed routine management protocol only). The researchers met all participants in both groups once monthly to measure their body weight, inquire about any health complaints related to their followed protocol, and to provide health education. In addition, each participant in the intervention group was given his/her monthly doses of apple cider vinegar tables (90 tablets). Results: By the start of the study, there was no significant difference between participants in the invention group and those in the control group regarding their BMI (33.72 ±6.24 kg/m and 33.60±5.00kg/m , respectively, p=0.916). However, by the end of the study observation period (5 months), there was a significantly lower mean BMI among the intervention group than the control group (29.38 ±5.70kg/m and 31.59±4.68 kg/m , respectively, p=0.037), which was not sexor agedependent. Reported side effects were in the form of mild heart burn (12%) or transient diarrhea (10%). Conclusions: Apple cider vinegar can be safely prescribed for a short-term body weight reduction. Recommendations: Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism by which its intake is associated with weight loss and to identify its long-term side effects.

The impact of apple cider vinegar on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: A study of therapeutic potential and health benefits

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors: Salimeh Asadi, Hamidreza Ahmadniaye Motlagh, Omid Safari, Ali Javadmanesh

Journal: Journal of the World Aquaculture Society

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) at up to 2% may have positive effects on trout aquaculture and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment.

Abstract: In this study, we aimed to experimentally induce fatty liver disease in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and then assessed the illness recovery process, growth, and changes in the expression of FAAH and ACADL genes in both healthy (0 [C2] and 4% apple cider vinegar [T4]) and diseased fish (0 [C1], 1 [T1], 2 [T2], and 4% [T3]) apple cider vinegar. To conduct the study, 180 rainbow trout were randomly assigned to six different experimental treatments, each with three replications. The investigation lasted for 60 days. Growth indices, liver histology, blood biochemical parameters, and transcription of the ACADL and FAAH genes in the liver tissue were measured. The study found no significant differences in the final weights across all the treatments. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) administration resulted in a decrease in AST, ALT, and ALP; however, these values did not show a significant difference from C2. In T3, triglycerides significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas in T4, triglycerides significantly increased (p < 0.05). Hepatocytes from ACV‐containing treatments showed reduced fat compared with T4 and the control group (C1). While there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the expression of the FAAH gene, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the expression of the ACADL gene between experimental treatments. The findings of our study indicate that an inclusion of up to 2% ACV may have positive effects on trout aquaculture and NAFLD treatment.

The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Type of study: meta-analysis

Number of citations: 29

Year: 2021

Authors: A. Hadi, M. Pourmasoumi, Ameneh Najafgholizadeh, Cain C. T. Clark, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh

Journal: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar consumption significantly improves fasting plasma glucose and blood lipid levels, particularly in type 2 diabetes patients and those consuming it for over 8 weeks.

Abstract: Abstract Background Elevated lipid profiles and impaired glucose homeostasis are risk factors for several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which, subsequently, represent a leading cause of early mortality, worldwide. The aim of the current study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters in adults. Methods A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Knowledge, from database inception to January 2020. All clinical trials which investigated the effect of ACV on lipid profiles and glycemic indicators were included. Studies were excluded if ACV was used in combination with other interventions or when the duration of intervention was &lt; 2 weeks. To account for between-study heterogeneity, we performed meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Results Overall, nine studies, including 10 study arms, were included in this meta-analysis. We found that ACV consumption significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (− 6.06 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 10.95, − 1.17; I 2 : 39%), fasting plasma glucose (− 7.97 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 13.74, − 2.21; I 2 : 75%), and HbA1C concentrations (− 0.50; 95% CI: − 0.90, − 0.09; I 2 : 91%). No significant effect of ACV consumption was found on serum LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting insulin concentrations, or HOMA-IR. The stratified analysis revealed a significant reduction of serum TC and TG in a subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes, those who took ≤15 mL/day of ACV, and those who consumed ACV for &gt; 8-weeks, respectively. Furthermore, ACV consumption significantly decreased FPG levels in a subgroup of studies that administered ACV for &gt; 8-weeks. Further, ACV intake appeared to elicit an increase in FPG and HDL-C concentrations in apparently healthy participants. Conclusion We found a significant favorable effect of ACV consumption on FPG and blood lipid levels.

Effects of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

Type of study: meta-analysis

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2025

Authors: Donya Arjmandfard, Mehrdad Behzadi, Zahra Sohrabi, Mohsen Mohammadi Sartang

Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar significantly reduces fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes patients, but does not affect insulin resistance.

Abstract: Background and aims Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder that affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) could possibly improve diabetes; nevertheless, evidences provide conflicting results. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ACV on glycemic profile in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) in controlled trials (CTs) by systematically reviewing and dose–response meta-analysis. Methods The Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched until November 2024 according to a systematic approach. All CTs investigating ACV’s effects on glycemic factors were included. We used a random-effects model to calculate WMDs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The present study assessed publication bias, sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and heterogeneity based on standard methods. We assessed the bias risk of the included studies using Cochrane quality assessments and used GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to calculate evidence certainty. We registered the study protocol at Prospero (no. CRD42023457493). Results Overall, we included seven studies in this meta-analysis. ACV significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD: −21.929 mg/dL, 95% CI: −29.19, −14.67, p < 0.001) and HbA1c (WMD: −1.53, 95% CI: −2.65, −0.41, p = 0.008) and increased insulin (WMD: 2.059 μu/ml, 95% CI: 0.26, 3.86, p = 0.025), while it did not affect hemostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We observed linear and non-linear associations between ACV consumption and FBS levels (p < 0.001). Each 1 mL/day increase in ACV consumption was associated with a-1.255 mg/dL reduction in FBS. Moreover, greater effects on FBS were in dosages >10. Conclusion ACV had positive effects on FBS and HbA1c in T2DM patients. Systematic Review Registration The study protocol was registered at Prospero (no. CRD42023457493).

Impact of Apple Cider Vinegar on Insulin Resistance and Related Conditions: Benefits, Mechanisms, and Potential Risks - Literature Review

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors: Sabina Kadłubek, Magdalena Mąka, Szymon Kalinowski, Julia Woźniak, Natalia Kapturska, Kinga Cymerys, Piotr Kardaszewski, Jakub Kamiński, Dominik Sikora, Martyna Zielnik

Journal: Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar supplementation reduces insulin resistance and supports weight loss, potentially improving insulin sensitivity, but more research is needed.

Abstract: Introduction and purpose: The topic of apple cider vinegar supplementation and insulinresistance is becoming increasingly widespread, especially on the internet, which carriesmany potential risks. There is a need to understand both how apple cider vinegar reducesinsulin resistance and improves metabolic parameters, as well as the potential risks of its use.Material and methods: Medical databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase weresearched for scientific papers on the safety, benefits, mechanisms, and risks of apple cidervinegar in insulin resistance and related conditions. These were analyzed and summarized ina single review.State of knowledge: Apple cider vinegar supplementation contributes to a reduction ininsulin resistance, which is reflected in parameters such as decreased postprandial insulinsecretion, lower levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), reduced fastingglucose, lower HbA1c levels, and supports weight loss, potentially improving insulinsensitivity. In most cases, no adverse effects or serious side effects were observed with dosesof 15-30 ml per day. However, potential risks include delayed gastric emptying, exacerbationof gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastrointestinal disturbances, tooth erosion,although one study suggests that such supplementation may be associated with acutepancreatitis.Conclusions: More research is needed on supplementation, particularly regarding itsduration. Another risk is the search for health information online without critically evaluatingthe content. Weight loss through a proper diet and exercise appears to be key for improvinginsulin sensitivity, but supplementation may help achieve results in certain patient groups.

Effects of dietary vinegar on performance, immune response and small intestine histomorphology in 1‐ to 28‐day broiler chickens

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 5

Year: 2020

Authors: M. Jahantigh, H. Kalantari, Seyedeh Ayda Davari, D. Saadati

Journal: Veterinary Medicine and Science

Journal ranking: Q2

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar supplementation improves performance, immune response, and small intestine histomorphology in broiler chickens.

Abstract: Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of apple cider vinegar in diet on the growth performance, immune response, histomorphological changes of the small intestine and some serum biochemical factors in broilers. A total of 85 broiler chicks of Ross 308 were purchased and 64 well‐conditioned chicks were selected and divided into four experimental groups with four replicates and four chicks per replicate. The diets of groups 2, 3 and 4 were mixed with 1, 2 and 3% of vinegar, respectively, and group 1 as the control group was fed by the standard diet. The results showed that body weight gain was higher in the groups fed vinegar than the control group. There were no significant changes in the feed conversion ratio between the treatment and control groups (p = .507). Vinegar intake through the diet did not change significantly the weight of Bursa of Fabricius (p = .369) and spleen (p = .122). Vinegar significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen levels in the treatment groups compared with the control group (p = .0052). There was a significant increase in the level of antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus by haemagglutination inhibition test in the groups receiving vinegar in comparison with control group (p = .0358). Compared with the control group, the villus height (p = .0022) and intestinal crypts depth (p = .0015) significantly increased in the groups receiving apple cider vinegar. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with apple cider vinegar has beneficial effects on performance, immune response and small intestine histomorphology in broilers.

Influence of apple cider vinegar on blood lipids

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 54

Year: 2012

Authors: Z. Beheshti, Y. Chan, H. Nia, Fatemeh Hajihosseini, Rogheyeh Nazari, M. Shaabani, M. Omran

Journal: life science journal

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar consumption for 8 weeks significantly reduced harmful blood lipids, making it a simple and cost-effective treatment for hyperlipidemia.

Abstract: Apple cider vinegar has been traditionally used since many years ago to treat a certain number of diseases including hyperlipidemia which is known as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Early prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis can prevent complications of cardiovascular diseases. Hence, the present study aimed to review the influence of apple cider vinegar consumption on reducing blood lipid levels. This quasi-experiment study(time series design) was carried out on 19 patients with hyperlipidemia. The subjects had been referred to a cardiologist and agreed to consume apple cider vinegar. At baseline, blood samples were obtained to measure cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). The tests were repeated at two, four, and eight weeks of vinegar consumption. The results were analyzed using repeated measurement analysis. There were significant reduction in the serum levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.020), and LDL (p = 0.001) after eight weeks of consuming apple cider vinegar and with an increased HDL levels but the trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.200). Consumption of apple cider vinegar over a 8 week period had a beneficial effect in significant reductions in harmful blood lipids and is recommended as a simple and cost-effective treatment for hyperlipidemia. (Zahra Beheshti , Yiong Huak Chan, Hamid Sharif Nia, Fatemeh Hajihosseini, Rogheyeh Nazari, Mohammad shaabani, Mohammad Taghi Salehi Omran. Influence of apple cider vinegar on blood

Benefic Effect of Apple Vinegar Cider on Lipid Profile in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats

Type of study:

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2017

Authors: B. Halima, K. Sarra, B. Houda, G. Sonia, B. Anis, Aouidet Abdallah

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar improves the lipid profile and reduces cardiovascular risk in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by reducing total cholesterol and increasing HDL-C levels.

Abstract: The benefic effects of vinegar have been known for more than a century and have been demonstrated in animal as well as human studies. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of apple cider vinegar on lipid profile, biomarkers of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Male albino rats were used for the present investigation. The animals were fasted overnight and diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) (65mg/kg) in citrate buffer. Vinegar cider was orally administrated to the diabetic rats. Control rats were injected with citrate buffer only and the animals were considered as diabetic, if their blood glucose values were above 250mg/dl on the third day after STZ injection. The treatment had started on the fourth day after STZ injection and this day was considered as the first day of treatment that was continued for 4 weeks. In the plasma of the animals we determined the total cholesterol (CT), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels, alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities. We evaluated also CT/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C and LDL/HDL-C ratios and the atherogenic index (AI). Our treatment significantly reduced the CT values, LDL-C levels, TG levels, CT/HDL-C ratio, TG/HDL-C ratio, LDL/HDL-C ratio, AI, ALT and AST activities but increased HDL-C levels. These results indicate that apple cider improved the serum lipid profile related to the cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus. [Ben Hmad H, Khlifi S, Ben Jemaa H, Gara S, Benzarti A, Aouidet A. Benefic Effect of Apple Vinegar Cider on Lipid Profile in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. Life Sci J 2017;14(7):40-44]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj140717.07.

The Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Weight, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose Level and Heart Rate of 60 MMMC Medical Students Randomized Controlled Trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 4

Year: 2019

Authors: Durgeswari Thinathayalan, B. Yuan, J. Kaur, Yean Albert, N. Yan

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar consumption significantly reduces diastolic blood pressure in medical students, but may increase weight.

Abstract: Apple cider vinegar, a sour vinegar with a seemingly sweet name is becoming trendy due to its wide variety of uses ranging from culinary uses to its speculated medicinal uses. This study is a randomised control trial aimed at investigating the effects of apple cider vinegar on the blood glucose levels, blood pressure, heart rate and weight of MMMC medical students. The side effects are also investigated. 60 Participants from batch 37 with 30 being in the control group and 30 being in the test group were assessed with a questionnaire after fulfilling certain inclusion and exclusion criteria their mood, energy levels, concentration and side effects were assessed after consuming apple cider vinegar for 5 days. Their blood glucose levels, blood pressure, heart rate and weight are also measured on the 1st and 5th day of the study and compared. The control group has no significant changes in the variables. However, for the apple cider vinegar group, there is a decrease in all the mentioned variables except the weight of the participants which showed an increase. The only significant change is that of the diastolic blood pressure of the apple cider vinegar group from a mean of 79.2mmHg to 70.3 mmHg with the paired T test and P-value testing being 3.34 and 0.002 respectively. Apple cider vinegar, if consumed will reduce the diastolic blood pressure of an individual. Its significance on other variables has to be further studied for a longer duration.

بررسي اثرات حاد مصرف سرکهي سيب بر عوامل خطر بيوشيميايي آترواسكلروز در خرگوشهاي هايپرکلسترولميک

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2012

Authors: M. Setorki

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar consumption significantly reduces some atherosclerosis risk factors in high cholesterol fed rabbits.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Metabolic changes in postprandial stage, especially after consumption of high fat meal cause atherosclerosis and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Apple cider vinegar is an acidic juice with useful medicinal effects. In this research; we investigated acute effects of apple cider vinegar intake on some of the biochemical atherosclerosis risk factors in high cholesterol fed rabbits. Methods: Thirty two male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group, high cholesterol diet group (%1cholesterol), %1 cholesterol with 5ml apple cider vinegar group, %1 cholesterol with 10ml apple cider vinegar group. The C-Reactive Protein (CRP), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized-LDL (OxLDL), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), nitrite, nitrate, glucose, fibrinogen triacylglycerol (TG), apolipoprotein A (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB100) were all measured before the experiment and three hours after feeding with these treatment diets. Results: In high cholesterol diet fibrinogen, nitrite, glucose, OxLDL, MDA and CRP showed a significant increase compared to normal diet. Significant differences were observed between both groups of apple cider vinegar by fibrinogen in comparison with hypercholesterolemic diet. Using 10ml apple cider vinegar with cholesterolemic diet caused a significant reduction in Ox-LDL, MDA and glucose in comparison with hypercholesterolemic diet. Moreover, the consumption of 5ml apple cider vinegar with cholesterolemic diet caused a significant decrease in LDL-C and TC compared to hypercholesterolemic diet. No significant difference was found between apple cider vinegar taking groups and hypercholesterol diet in CRP, TG ApoA, HDL-C, ApoB, SGOT, SGPT, nitrite and nitrate. Conclusion: The results showed that acute consumption of apple cider vinegar (as an antioxidant) causes significant reduction on some risk factors of atherosclerosis

THE HEALTH BENEFITS AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF APPLE CIDER VINEGAR ACVMNP’S (APPLE CIDER VINEGAR MICRONUTRIENTS POWDER): COMPRISING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-INFECTION, ANTIOXIDATIVE, BLOOD-GLUCOSE REGULATING, LIPID METABOLISM REGULATOR, ANTI-CANCER, AND WEIGHT-LOSS PROPERTIES

Type of study:

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2024

Authors:

Journal: International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar has antibacterial, antiinfection, antioxidative, blood-glucose modulation, lipid metabolism regulation, anti-cancer, and weight-loss properties.

Abstract: Traditional-fermented apple cider vinegar has several physiological properties, including antibacterial, antiinfection, antioxidative, blood-glucose modulation, lipid metabolism regulation, anti-cancer, and weight-loss effects.Organic acids, polyphenols, and melanoidins are the primary components of apple cider vinegar that give it its several Physiological properties.The primary ingredient in apple cider vinegars is acetic acid.In addition to ligustrazine, which enhances blood circulation, and caffeoylsophorose, which inhibits disaccharidase.A lot of studies have shown that apple cider vinegar can treat chronic illnesses like diabetes and cardiovascular issues, apple cider vinegar products may even be considered functional foods or medications.

Cider Vinegar Production

Type of study:

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2019

Authors: P. Tsafrakidou

Journal: Advances in Vinegar Production

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar production offers diverse applications and health benefits, with current research focusing on its cardiovascular disease prevention, weight management, and reduced blood sugar levels.

Abstract: Panagiota Tsafrakidou Chapter Author: Panagiota Tsafrakidou (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-8862">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-8862) Apple cider vinegar is the product of a two-stage apple juice fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation of apple juice by yeasts takes place first, followed by acetous fermentation by acetic acid bacteria, under specific conditions. Cider vinegar holds a significant share in the market, due to its diverse properties and applications. It is commonly used as a flavoring agent and food preservative, but current research also focuses on its health properties, since its consumption has been associated with several beneficial effects such as cardiovascular disease prevention, weight management, reduced blood sugar levels, reduction of oxidative stress, and pH balance in the body. This chapter briefly reviews the existing technologies for apple cider vinegar production, their quality aspects, and the recent research trends and fields of improvement.

Effects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed rats.

Type of study:

Number of citations: 103

Year: 2011

Authors: N. Budak, Duygu Kumbul Doğuç, Ç. Savaş, A. C. Seydim, Tugba Kok Tas, M. Ciriş, Z. Guzel‐Seydim

Journal: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegars, regardless of production method, decrease triglyceride and VLDL levels, increase HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, and decrease liver function tests in high-cholesterol-fed rats.

Abstract: Red delicious apples were used to produce natural apple cider with and without inclusion of maceration. Traditional surface and industrial submersion methods were then applied to make vinegar from apple ciders. Apple cider vinegar samples produced with inclusion of maceration in the surface method had the highest total phenolic content, chlorogenic acid, ORAC, and TEAC levels. Cholesterol and apple vinegar samples were administered using oral gavage to all groups of rats except the control group. Apple cider vinegars, regardless of the production method, decreased triglyceride and VLDL levels in all groups when compared to animals on high-cholesterol diets without vinegar supplementation. Apple cider vinegars increased total cholesterol and HDL and LDL cholesterol levels and decreased liver function tests when compared to animals on a high-cholesterol diet without vinegar supplementation. A high-cholesterol diet resulted in hepatic steatosis. VSBM and VSB groups significantly decreased steatosis.

Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Glycemic Status in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2025

Authors:

Journal: American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Regular consumption of apple cider vinegar improves glycemic status in type 2 diabetic patients, potentially reducing complications.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is increasing all over the world including Bangladesh. The application of plants and their derivatives such as apple cider vinegar improves diabetes and helps to minimize its complications. To observe the effects of apple cider vinegar on glycemic status in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A prospective interventional study was conducted on 70 diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients of both genders with ages ranging from 35 to 60 years. Among them, 35 type 2 diabetic patients with consumption of apple cider vinegar (30 ml/day) for 12 weeks were considered as the study group (Group B). Another 35 type 2 diabetic patients without consumption of apple cider vinegar were considered as the control group (Group A) for comparison. Levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were studied in both groups at baseline and after 12wks. FPG (p<0.001) and HbA1c (p<0.001) levels were significantly decreased in the study group after 12wks in comparison to that of the control group. Regular consumption of apple cider vinegar improves glycemic status in type 2 diabetic patients and may be helpful to minimize the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The improvement effect of apple cider vinegar as a functional food on anthropometric indices, blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 3

Year: 2023

Authors: S. Jafarirad, Mohammad-Reza Elahi, Anahita Mansoori, Abdollah Khanzadeh, M. Haghighizadeh

Journal: Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Daily consumption of apple cider vinegar may improve blood glucose control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract: Background Numerous medical costs are spent each year on treating and preventing the progression of diabetes. The positive effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been shown on post-prandial hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prolonged consumption of ACV on blood glucose indices and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods This study was a randomized clinical trial and the participants were adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants were divided into two groups: ACV and control. The ACV group was treated with 30 ml of ACV per day. Both the intervention and control groups received the same recommendation for a healthy diet. Before and after eight weeks, fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1C, insulin resistance, total cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride were measured. Results Fasting blood glucose decreased after intervention in both groups, which was only significant in the ACV group (p = 0.01). There was a significant difference in hemoglobin A1C levels between the two groups (p < 0.001) after eight weeks. LDL was decreased in the ACV group (p < 0.001). Total Chol, LDL/HDL and Chol/HDL ratio decreased after the intervention period in the ACV group compared to the control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Daily consumption of ACV may have beneficial effects in controlling blood glucose indices and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical trial registration http://www.irct.ir, identifier IRCT20140107016123N13.

Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Modulatory Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Digestive Enzymes in Experimental Diabetic Rats

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 11

Year: 2016

Authors: B. Halima, K. Sarra, B. Houda, G. Sonia, Aouidet Abdallah

Journal: International Journal of Pharmacology

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple Cider Vinegar significantly improves glucose and lipid homeostatis in diabetes by delaying carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption in diabetic rats.

Abstract: Background: Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) is an ancient folk remedy and it is common for patients with diabetes daily because of its positive effect on blood glucose and insulin sensitivity.The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of ACV, particularly in terme of its inhibitory effects on some carbohydrate metabolising enzymes in the intestine and the livers in normal and diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: The assays of the present study were conducted on adult male Wistar rats.The animals were fasted overnight and diabetes mellitus was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ).Control rats were injected with citrate buffer only.The ACV was administrated orally during 4 weeks.Results: Our findings indicated that the admnistration of ACV significantly decreased intestinal maltase, sucrase and lactase and hepatic glucokinase (GK) activities which led to a significant decrease in blood glucose rate and an increase in hepatic glycogen levels.In addition to that, significant increase in hepatic phosphofructokinase (PFK) and glucose 6 dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was observed.Moreover, the treatment with ACV potentially inhibited key enzymes of lipid metabolism and absorption such as lipase activity in small intestine which led to a notable decrease in serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) rates and an increase in High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels.The ACV was also observed to protect the liver-kidney functions efficiently, which were evidenced by the significant decrease in the serum aspartate and lactate transaminases (AST and ALT) activities and the level of total and direct bilirubin, creatinine and urea.Conclusion: The present findings showed that ACV significant improves glucose and lipid homeostatis in diabetes by delaying carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption.

Effect of dietary supplementation with apple cider vinegar and propionic acid on hemolymph chemistry, intestinal microbiota and histological structure of hepatopancreas in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 47

Year: 2019

Authors: S. Pourmozaffar, A. Hajimoradloo, H. Paknejad, H. Rameshi

Journal: Fish & Shellfish Immunology

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar and propionic acid supplementation in white shrimp diets improves protein levels, reduces bacteria, and improves overall health, making them potential feed additives.

Supplementation of dietary apple cider vinegar as an organic acidifier on the growth performance, digestive enzymes and mucosal immunity of green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus)

Type of study:

Number of citations: 27

Year: 2019

Authors: Hamidreza Ahmadniaye Motlagh, M. Sarkheil, O. Safari, M. Paolucci

Journal: Aquaculture Research

Journal ranking: Q2

Key takeaways: Dietary apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation improves growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and immune responses in green terror fish, making it a potential natural growth promoter and immunostimulant.

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary apple cider vinegar (ACV) on digestive enzyme activity and growth performance as well as immune responses and antibacterial activity of skin mucus in green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus). Fish were fed diets supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2% and 4% of ACV (40.830 ppm acetic acid concentration) for 63 days. The final weight and weight gain values were observed to be significantly higher in fish fed with 2% of ACV compared to the control group (p   .05). ACV treatment resulted in a significant increase in the intestinal protease, α‐amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase activities compared to control (p < .05). The activities of digestive enzymes in fish fed with 2% and 4% of ACV diets were significantly higher than the other groups (p < .05). The total protein content, alternative haemolytic complement, alkaline phosphatase, total immunoglobulins and lysozyme activities of skin mucus increased significantly in fish fed with ACV diets (p < .05). In conclusion, administration of ACV enhanced digestive enzyme activity, growth performance, immune responses and the immune properties of skin mucus, and it can be used as a natural growth promoter and immunostimulant in green terror culture.

Anticoccidial effect of apple cider vinegar on broiler chicken: an organic treatment to measure anti-oxidant effect.

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 7

Year: 2018

Authors: F. Hayajneh, M. Jalal, H. Zakaria, Anas Abdelqader, M. Abuajamieh

Journal: Polish journal of veterinary sciences

Journal ranking: Q3

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar added to broiler chickens' drinking water effectively prevents coccidiosis and increases antioxidants, catalase enzyme activity, and reduces malondialdehyde levels.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the anticoccidial effect of apple cider vinegar added to drinking water with the anticoccidial effect of amprolium to feed broiler chicken. The study has adopted an observational approach to evaluate the anticoccidial effect of apple cider vinegar on broiler chicken. The antioxidative changes were measured adding natural apple cider vinegar to drinking water. Four hundred and fifty broiler chickens were purchased from the local market and distributed into three groups (T+vc: positive control, T-vc: negative control Tv: apple cider vinegar) with 150 chickens in each group. The three groups were further replicated into 3 blocks each containing 50 chickens. The groups were fed balanced diet, amprolium was added to the feed of positive control group, and apple cider vinegar was added to the water of Tv group. Measurements of the different variables were started from week 3, at the end of each week 3 birds were chosen randomly, blood samples were collected via the wing vein, and fecal oocysts were counted from intestinal contents of each individual bird using the McMaster technique. Broiler in the control groups T+ve and T-ve showed clinical signs of coccidiosis (blood in feces) and the number of coccidial oocytes in feces increased with time. In the vinegar group, no clinical signs of coccidiosis were observed. Concentrations of total antioxidants and catalase enzyme activity significantly increased (p≤0.05); while malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased (p≤0.05).

Apple Cider Vinegar

Type of study:

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2016

Authors: Cassia Albinson

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar is often used to aid digestion and treat fungal infections and sunburn, but its effect on weight, blood pressure, or acne remains unproven.

Abstract: "Apple cider vinegar a day keeps the doctor away" doesn't exactly roll off the tongue, does it? Even still, many people claim that this product of fermented crushed apples yields a variety of health benefits including those that you mentioned. Usually taken in liquid, powder, or pill form before meals, it's most often used to aid digestion since the high acetic acid content helps break down food. In addition to this, it has also been used for centuries to treat fungal infections and sunburn. Although this may spark a domino effect on other aspects of health, there is no scientific proof that it has any effect on weight, blood pressure, or acne.

Hawthorn Vinegar in Health with a Focus on Immune Responses

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 6

Year: 2024

Authors: N. Seyidoğlu, D. Karakçı, B. Bakır, Seydi Yıkmış

Journal: Nutrients

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Hawthorn vinegar, either high doses or applied using ultrasound, has positive effects on intestinal health, boosting immunity and general health.

Abstract: Background: The hawthorn fruit is an interesting medicinal plant that has several biological features, especially related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-modulating actions, and boosting general health. In this study, we aimed to clarify the immunological effects of hawthorn vinegar on immunity and general health. We also focused on three different production processes to improve the antioxidant activity of hawthorn vinegar (2) Methods: In the study, besides the traditional production of hawthorn vinegar (N), thermal pasteurization (P) and ultrasound (U) techniques were applied to vinegars. A total of 56 female adult Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into seven groups; Control, N0.5 (regular vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), N1 (regular vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw), P0.5 (pasteurized vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), P1 (pasteurized vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw), U0.5 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), and U1 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw). Vinegars were administered by oral gavage daily. The average weight gains, body mass index, and blood hematological parameters were measured, and the Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The plasma IL-1β and TNF-α values, and MDA, IL-1β and TNF-α values of intestinal tissue, were determined. Also, the streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method was applied to determine the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in duodenum. (3) Results: There was a decreasing tendency in the average weight gains in all vinegar groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was an increase in NL ratio in all vinegar groups, although not significant. There were no statistical differences among all vinegar groups, although decreases were observed in plasma IL-1β. Also, the plasma TNF-α values showed slight increases in high-dose-of-vinegar groups (N1, P1 and U1), although not significant. In addition, the intestinal tissue IL-1β value tended to increase in groups N0.5, N1 and P0.5, while it tended to decrease in P1, U0.5 and U1. On the other hand, there were slight increases in the TNF-α values of intestinal tissue in all groups compared to control, although these were not significant. Furthermore, the intensive expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined in groups U0.5 and U1. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that either high doses or ultrasound applications of hawthorn vinegar have positive effects on intestinal health, boosting immunity and general health.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND CHEMOPROPHYLACTIC EFFECT OF APPLE CIDER VINEGAR AGAINST COLON CANCER CELL LINES

Type of study: non-rct in vitro

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2019

Authors: Prerna Dubey, Radhika Ramaswamy, C. V, Sumithra M, Gayathiri K

Journal: International Research Journal Of Pharmacy

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) shows biological activity and effectiveness against colon cancer, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50-60g/ml.

Abstract: Colon cancer is the most threatening cases in the contemporary world due to sedentary lifestyles, changes in eating habits, genetics and etiological factors. The latest statistics proves that it is expected to cause about 50,630 deaths every year. Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) has been proved to be a very constructive and effective therapy for cancer, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, urolithiasis and skin infections. Objective: The aim of the present work is mainly to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer properties of apple cider, since there is not much literature supporting the same. Methodology: This work is a laboratory controlled prospective study conducted in our premises. ACV was prepared with ethanol and aqueous fermentation extraction method. Various established (5μg/ml, 10μg/ml, 15μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 25μg/ml and 30μg/ml) concentrations were prepared for further studies. The phytochemical analysis was performed and the DPPH assay was done for evaluating the antioxidant potency. MTT assay was performed for the evaluation of anticancer action against colon cancer cell lines (HT29) for the diluted concentrations to achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ACV was found to be ranging from 46.14% to 86.75%for the various concentration ranges. The IC50 value of the extract was found to be 8μg/ml. The HT-29 cancer cell line subjected to various concentrations of apple cider vinegar, resulted in cell viability of 48.90% at 62.5μg/ml. From the graph IC50 value was calculated to be around 50-60μg/ml. Conclusion: It was concluded ACV is biologically active and effective against colon cancer.

Effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study

Type of study:

Number of citations: 72

Year: 2007

Authors: J. Hlebowicz, G. Darwiche, O. Björgell, L. Almér

Journal: BMC Gastroenterology

Journal ranking: Q2

Key takeaways: Apple cider vinegar significantly reduces gastric emptying rate in type 1 diabetes patients with diabetic gastroparesis, potentially negatively impacting glycemic control.

Abstract: Previous studies on healthy people show that vinegar delays gastric emptying and lowers postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying rate on diabetes mellitus patients. Ten patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic gastroparesis, including one patient who had undergone vagotomy, were included and completed the investigator blinded crossover trial. The gastric emptying rate (GER) was measured using standardized real-time ultrasonography. The GER was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15 and 90 minutes after ingestion of 300 g rice pudding and 200 ml water (GER1), or 300 g rice pudding and 200 ml water with 30 ml apple cider vinegar (GER2). The subjects drank 200 ml water daily before breakfast one week before the measurement of GER1. The same subjects drank 200 ml water with 30 ml vinegar daily before breakfast for two weeks before the measurement of GER2. The median values of GER1 and GER2 were 27% and 17%, respectively. The effect of vinegar on the rate of gastric emptying was statistically significant (p < 0.05). This study shows that vinegar affects insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic gastroparesis by reducing the gastric emptying rate even further, and this might be a disadvantage regarding to their glycaemic control. ISRCTN33841495.