Blueberries

Recent Research on the Health Benefits of Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins

Type of study:

Number of citations: 428

Year: 2019

Authors: W. Kalt, A. Cassidy, L. Howard, R. Krikorian, A. Stull, F. Tremblay, R. Zamora-Ros

Journal: Advances in Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Regular consumption of blueberries, particularly those rich in anthocyanins, is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, death, and type 2 diabetes, improved weight maintenance, and neuroprotection.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Awareness of the human health benefits of blueberries is underpinned by a growing body of positive scientific evidence from human observational and clinical research, plus mechanistic research using animal and in vitro models. Blueberries contain a large number of phytochemicals, including abundant anthocyanin pigments. Of their various phytochemicals, anthocyanins probably make the greatest impact on blueberry health functionality. Epidemiological studies associate regular, moderate intake of blueberries and/or anthocyanins with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, death, and type 2 diabetes, and with improved weight maintenance and neuroprotection. These findings are supported by biomarker-based evidence from human clinical studies. Among the more important healthful aspects of blueberries are their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions and their beneficial effects on vascular and glucoregulatory function. Blueberry phytochemicals may affect gastrointestinal microflora and contribute to host health. These aspects have implications in degenerative diseases and conditions as well as the aging process. More evidence, and particularly human clinical evidence, is needed to better understand the potential for anthocyanin-rich blueberries to benefit public health. However, it is widely agreed that the regular consumption of tasty, ripe blueberries can be unconditionally recommended.

The state of the science on the health benefits of blueberries: a perspective

Type of study:

Number of citations: 12

Year: 2024

Authors: April J. Stull, A. Cassidy, Luc Djousse, Sarah A. Johnson, R. Krikorian, Johanna W. Lampe, K. Mukamal, David C Nieman, Kathryn N Porter Starr, Heather Rasmussen, E. Rimm, Kim S. Stote, Christy Tangney

Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Regular blueberry consumption may support cardiovascular health, brain and cognitive function, and help recover from exercise-induced muscle damage.

Abstract: Mounting evidence indicates that blueberry consumption is associated with a variety of health benefits. It has been suggested that regular consumption of blueberries can support and/or protect against cardiovascular disease and function, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, and brain and cognitive function in individuals with health conditions and age-related decline. Further, mechanistic investigations highlight the role of blueberry anthocyanins in mediating these health benefits, in part through interactions with gut microbiota. Also, nutritional interventions with blueberries have demonstrated the ability to improve recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage, attributable to anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these advancements in blueberry health research, research gaps persist which affects the generalizability of findings from clinical trials. To evaluate the current state of knowledge and research gaps, a blueberry health roundtable with scientific experts convened in Washington, DC (December 6–7, 2022). Discussions centered around five research domains: cardiovascular health, pre-diabetes and diabetes, brain health and cognitive function, gut health, and exercise recovery. This article synthesizes the outcomes of a blueberry research roundtable discussion among researchers in these domains, offering insights into the health benefits of blueberries and delineating research gaps and future research directions.

Blueberry as a source of bioactive compounds for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes and chronic inflammation

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 132

Year: 2017

Authors: Min Shi, Hayley Loftus, A. McAinch, X. Su

Journal: Journal of Functional Foods

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry consumption may help prevent and treat obesity and its related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and chronic inflammation, due to their bioactive components.

Effects of Blueberry Consumption on Cardiovascular Health in Healthy Adults: A Cross-Over Randomised Controlled Trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 21

Year: 2022

Authors: Yueyue Wang, J. L. Gallegos, C. Haskell-Ramsay, J. Lodge

Journal: Nutrients

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Whole blueberry and freeze-dried blueberry powder consumption showed no significant difference in improving cardiovascular health in healthy adults.

Abstract: Blueberries are rich in polyphenols, and their effect on cardiovascular health, including risk factors for endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, has been investigated in interventional studies. However, the difference between blueberry treatments in varied forms for their cardiovascular-protective effect remains poorly understood. The current study assessed the effects of whole blueberry and freeze-dried blueberry powder compared to a control on cardiovascular health in young adults. A cross-over randomised controlled trial (RCT) was implemented with 1 week of treatment for three treatment groups, each followed by 1 week of wash out period. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), plasma cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol) and triglyceride levels (TAG), and glucose and nitrite (NO2-) concentrations were compared following fresh blueberry, freeze-dried blueberry powder, and control treatments. Thirty-seven participants with a mean age of 25.86 ± 6.81 completed the study. No significant difference was observed among fresh blueberry, blueberry powder, and the control arm. Plasma NO2- levels were improved by 68.66% and 4.34% separately following whole blueberry and blueberry powder supplementations compared to the baseline, whereas the control supplementation reported a decrease (−9.10%), although it was not statistically significant. There were no other effects shown for SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TAG, or glucose. No difference was shown between whole blueberry and freeze-dried blueberry powder consumption for improving cardiovascular health.

Blueberries in focus: Exploring the phytochemical potentials and therapeutic applications

Type of study:

Number of citations: 28

Year: 2024

Authors: Sumel Ashique, Tuhin Mukherjee, Satyajit Mohanty, Ashish Garg, Neeraj Mishra, Monika Kaushik, Mithun Bhowmick, Bornika Chattaraj, Sourav Mohanto, Shriyansh Srivastava, F. Taghizadeh-Hesary

Journal: Journal of Agriculture and Food Research

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberries' phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, contribute to their health benefits, including enhanced cognitive function, lower blood pressure, and improved insulin sensitivity.

Health promoting properties of blueberries: a review

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 133

Year: 2018

Authors: Sara Silva, E. Costa, Mariana Veiga, R. Morais, C. Calhau, M. Pintado

Journal: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry and blueberry-based products consumption shows potential health benefits, but further human-based studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Abstract: Abstract With the strengthening of the link between diet and health, several foodstuffs have emerged as possessing potential health benefits such as phenolic rich fruits and vegetables. Blueberries, along with other berries, given their flavonoid and antioxidant content have long since been considered as a particularly interesting health promoting fruit. Therefore, the present work aimed to compile the existing evidences regarding the various potential benefits of blueberry and blueberry based products consumption, giving particular relevance to in vivo works and epidemiological studies whenever available. Overall, the results demonstrate that, while the evidences that support a beneficial role of blueberry and blueberry extracts consumption, further human based studies are still needed.

Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults.

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 533

Year: 2010

Authors: R. Krikorian, M. Shidler, Tiffany A. Nash, W. Kalt, Melinda R Vinqvist-Tymchuk, B. Shukitt-Hale, J. Joseph

Journal: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Daily consumption of wild blueberry juice improves memory and reduces depressive symptoms in older adults with early memory changes.

Abstract: The prevalence of dementia is increasing with expansion of the older adult population. In the absence of effective therapy, preventive approaches are essential to address this public health problem. Blueberries contain polyphenolic compounds, most prominently anthocyanins, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, anthocyanins have been associated with increased neuronal signaling in brain centers, mediating memory function as well as improved glucose disposal, benefits that would be expected to mitigate neurodegeneration. This study investigated the effects of daily consumption of wild blueberry juice in a sample of nine older adults with early memory changes. At 12 weeks, improved paired associate learning (p = 0.009) and word list recall (p = 0.04) were observed. In addition, there were trends suggesting reduced depressive symptoms (p = 0.08) and lower glucose levels (p = 0.10). We also compared the memory performances of the blueberry subjects with a demographically matched sample who consumed a berry placebo beverage in a companion trial of identical design and observed comparable results for paired associate learning. The findings of this preliminary study suggest that moderate-term blueberry supplementation can confer neurocognitive benefit and establish a basis for more comprehensive human trials to study preventive potential and neuronal mechanisms.

Systematic Review of the Effects of Blueberry on Cognitive Performance as We Age.

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 43

Year: 2019

Authors: S. Hein, A. Whyte, E. Wood, A. Rodriguez-Mateos, C. Williams

Journal: The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry interventions show potential benefits for delayed memory, executive function, and psychomotor function in children and older adults, but less evidence suggests positive benefits on working memory.

Abstract: The effect of flavonoid-rich food, such as blueberries, on cognitive function has been subject to a growing amount of research interest in recent years. Epidemiological, prospective, preclinical, and clinical trials have revealed positive cognitive benefits from flavonoid interventions, particularly in relation to the amelioration of cognitive decline in older adults. This review will specifically consider the existing clinical research from both acute and chronic blueberry interventions on cognition in human subjects. The results of 11 studies are reported with 4 studies considering blueberry intervention with children aged 7-10 years, 4 considering adults aged 60 years and older, and 3 considering adults suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Findings from these studies indicate that cognitive benefits may be found for delayed memory and executive function in children and for delayed memory, executive function, and psychomotor function in older healthy and MCI adults. There is less evidence to suggest positive benefits of blueberry intervention on working memory. Recommendations for future research, including dose used, cognitive tasks, and age groups considered, are proposed.

Blueberries and their bioactives in the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and cardio/vascular function markers: a systematic review of human intervention studies.

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 38

Year: 2022

Authors: D. Martini, M. Marino, Samuele Venturi, M. Tucci, D. Klimis-Zacas, P. Riso, M. Porrini, C. Bo’

Journal: The Journal of nutritional biochemistry

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberries may improve vascular function markers after both post-prandial and long-term consumption, particularly in individuals with risk factors or disease conditions.

Molecular Mechanism and Health Role of Functional Ingredients in Blueberry for Chronic Disease in Human Beings

Type of study:

Number of citations: 127

Year: 2018

Authors: Luyao Ma, Zhenghai Sun, Yawen Zeng, Min Luo, Jiazhen Yang

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberries are rich in flavonoids and polyphenols, which have health benefits for preventive chronic diseases, including anticancer, anti-obesity, and cognitive decline.

Abstract: Functional ingredients in blueberry have the best health benefits. To obtain a better understanding of the health role of blueberry in chronic disease, we conducted systematic preventive strategies for functional ingredients in blueberry, based on comprehensive databases, especially PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI for the period 2008–2018. Blueberry is rich in flavonoids (mainly anthocyanidins), polyphenols (procyanidin), phenolic acids, pyruvic acid, chlorogenic acid, and others, which have anticancer, anti-obesity, prevent degenerative diseases, anti-inflammation, protective properties for vision and liver, prevent heart diseases, antidiabetes, improve brain function, protective lung properties, strong bones, enhance immunity, prevent cardiovascular diseases, and improve cognitive decline. The anthocyanins and polyphenols in blueberry are major functional ingredients for preventive chronic disease. These results support findings that blueberry may be one of the best functional fruits, and further reveals the mechanisms of anthocyanins and polyphenols in the health role of blueberry for chronic disease. This paper may be used as scientific evidence for developing functional foods, nutraceuticals, and novel drugs of blueberry for preventive chronic diseases.

Blueberry extract promotes longevity and stress tolerance via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 89

Year: 2018

Authors: Huailing Wang, Jie Liu, Tong Li, R. Liu

Journal: Food & function

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry extract supplementation can extend lifespan, improve health indexes, and enhance stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans, with potential benefits for human health.

Abstract: Blueberry is rich in bioactive phytochemicals with a wide of range of biological activities and health benefits. However, little is known about their effects on aging. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of supplementation with a blueberry extract (BE) on lifespan and stress resistance using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model. The mechanisms of these effects were explored using RNAi technology. The mean lifespan of C. elegans treated with BE at 50, 100, and 200 mg mL-1 was significantly increased by 22.2%, 36.5%, and 44.4%, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, supplementation with BE improved motility and decreased lipofuscin accumulation. C. elegans pretreated with BE were more resistant than untreated C. elegans to stresses (heat, ultraviolet-B radiation, and paraquat). Treatment with BE resulted in up-regulation of genes related to antioxidant systems, including sod-3, cat-1, mev-1, skn-1, mek-1, nhr-8, and daf-16. Suppression of daf-16 by RNAi shortened the lifespan of C. elegans and inhibited the expression of sod-3, suggesting that BE may regulate sod-3 downstream of daf-16 to extend lifespan and stress resistance. Our findings revealed that, in C. elegans, BE can prolong the lifespan, improve health indexes, and enhance stress resistance.

Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on aging and longevity

Type of study:

Number of citations: 285

Year: 2018

Authors: Yi-Rong Li, Shiming Li, Chi-Chien Lin

Journal: BioFactors

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Resveratrol and pterostilbene, found in grape and blueberries, show potential in preventing or treating age-related diseases by modulating age-related mechanisms.

Abstract: Over the past years, several studies have found that foods rich in polyphenols protect against age‐related disease, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. Resveratrol and pterostilbene, the polyphenol found in grape and blueberries, have beneficial effects as anti‐aging compounds through modulating the hallmarks of aging, including oxidative damage, inflammation, telomere attrition and cell senescence. In this review, we discuss the relationship between resveratrol and pterostilbene and possible aging biomarker, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and high‐calorie diets. Moreover, we also discuss the positive effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on lifespan, aged‐related disease, and health maintenance. Furthermore, we summarize a variety of important mechanisms modulated by resveratrol and pterostilbene possibly involved in attenuating age‐associated disorders. Overall, we describe resveratrol and pterostilbene potential for prevention or treatment of several age‐related diseases by modulating age‐related mechanisms. © 2017 BioFactors, 44(1):69–82, 2018

Blueberry Supplementation in Neuronal Health and Protective Technologies for Efficient Delivery of Blueberry Anthocyanins

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 47

Year: 2021

Authors: P. Tran, T. Tran

Journal: Biomolecules

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry supplementation can provide neuroprotection and intervention in neurodegenerative conditions, but its bioavailability needs improvement for optimal brain health benefits.

Abstract: Blueberries are consumed as healthy fruits that provide a variety of benefits to the nervous system. Scientists have found that blueberries can be used as a daily edible source for supplementation to prevent and minimize complexities of age-related diseases as well as to improve learning and memory in children. Anthocyanins are the most mentioned compounds among the components in blueberries, as they play a major role in providing the health benefits of this fruit. However, while they are highly active in impeding biological impairment in neuronal functions, they have poor bioavailability. This review focuses on neurological investigations of blueberries from in vitro cell studies to in vivo studies, including animal and human studies, with respect to their positive outcomes of neuroprotection and intervention in neurodegenerative conditions. Readers will also find information on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and the considerable factors affecting them so that they can make informed decisions regarding the daily consumption of blueberries. In this context, the ways in which blueberries or blueberry supplementation forms are consumed and which of these forms is best for maximizing the health benefits of blueberries should be considered important decision-making factors in the consumption of blueberries; all of these aspects are covered in this review. Finally, we discuss recent technologies that have been employed to improve the bioavailability of blueberry anthocyanins in the development of effective delivery vehicles supporting brain health.

Blueberries and health

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 4

Year: 2022

Authors: N. Dunford

Journal:

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Blueberry consumption has broad health benefits, but more large-scale clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Abstract: Blueberry is a high value crop globally. Both wild and cultivated blueberries are commercially available to consumers. Although mostly consumed as fresh or frozen, dried blueberries are also offered in the market. Yogurts, beverages, jams, and jellies made with blueberries are some of the products popular with consumers. Blueberries are rich in several health-beneficial phytochemicals including phenolic compounds and vitamins. This article reviews the health implications of blueberry consumption. The review was limited to the research studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The impact of blueberry intake on cardiovascular functions, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognitive performance, and gut microbiota was the focus of this review. This review clearly revealed very broad health benefits of blueberry intake. However, it is evident that scientific studies on this topic are scarce. Indeed, there are only a few studies on the health effects of blueberries published in scientific journals. The majority of the investigations on this topic were carried out using animal models or cell cultures. Scarcity and limited size of the clinical studies in this field leave many questions about the effect of blueberry consumption on human health unanswered. Undoubtedly, there is a need for large-scale controlled and randomized clinical and epidemiological studies and meta-analyses of the data from such research. This would allow for an in-depth understanding of the effect of blueberries on health and the biological and metabolic pathways involved in disease mitigation and treatment.

Wild Blueberry (Poly)phenols can Improve Vascular Function And Cognitive Performance In Healthy Older Males And Females: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 46

Year: 2023

Authors: E. Wood, S. Hein, R. Mesnage, F. Fernandes, Nimaya Abhayaratne, Yifan Xu, Zicheng Zhang, L. Bell, C. Williams, A. Rodriguez-Mateos

Journal: The American journal of clinical nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Daily intake of wild blueberry powder improves vascular and cognitive function and decreases blood pressure in healthy older individuals without affecting cerebral blood flow or gut microbiota composition.

Effects of Blueberry Consumption on Fecal Microbiome Composition and Circulating Metabolites, Lipids, and Lipoproteins in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Older Adults with Overweight or Obesity: The BEACTIVE Trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2025

Authors: K. N. Porter Starr, Marge A. Connelly, Jessica T Wallis, Rebecca North, Qimin Zhang, Kuncheng Song, Jessica M. González-Delgado, H. N. Brochu, Crystal R Icenhour, Lakshmanan K. Iyer, Marshall G Miller, Kim M. Huffman, W. E. Kraus, Connie W Bales

Journal: Nutrients

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Regular, generous blueberry consumption may improve the gut's ability to utilize dietary polyphenols by altering the fecal microbiome in older adults with overweight or obesity.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Generous consumption of phytonutrient-rich foods, including blueberries, provides benefits to multiple physiologic and metabolic systems. This study explored the potential that regular, generous blueberry intake could favorably modulate fecal microbiome composition in sedentary older (>60 years) men and women with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 25 to 32 kg/m2). Methods: Participants (n = 55) were randomized to daily consumption of either lyophilized blueberry powder (equivalent to 1.5 cups of blueberries) or an indistinguishable placebo powder; both groups participated in weekly supervised exercise classes. Fecal samples were collected at 0 and 12 weeks and frozen. Following this, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile each participant’s fecal microbiome. Blood biomarkers of cardiometabolic health were measured via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) pre- and post-treatment. Results: Comparing the baseline and endpoint results for the blueberry (n = 15) and placebo (n = 19) groups, there were no significant overall compositional differences or differences in the level of diversity in the fecal microbiome. However, in subjects whose diet included blueberry powder, there was a significant enrichment (p = 0.049) in the relative abundance of Coriobacteriales incertae sedis, a taxonomic group of bacteria that facilitates the metabolism of dietary polyphenols. The placebo group exhibited significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, total LDL-P, large LDL-P, and ApoB, while the blueberry group exhibited significant reductions in total HDL-P and ApoA-I after 12 weeks compared to baseline. Conclusions: Generous blueberry consumption may upregulate the ability of the older human gut to utilize dietary polyphenols by altering the fecal microbiome. Longer, larger-scale studies with blueberries or blueberry powder are needed to observe improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors in older adults with overweight or obesity.

Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Blueberries Consumption on Chronic Diseases, Illness Prevention and Health Promotion

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 12

Year: 2017

Authors: Eleni Pavlidou, C. Giaginis, A. Fasoulas, D. Petridis

Journal: The Natural Products Journal

Journal ranking: brak

Key takeaways: Blueberries consumption helps prevent and cure chronic inflammatory diseases by reducing degenerative damage and improving overall health.

Abstract: Background: The ever-growing concern about achieving quality of life and longevity leads scientists to the search of natural wellness resources. Also, prevention of diseases through food is considered as the driving force of the organism. The beneficial effects of superfoods, such as blueberries, on human health are expected to be proved, putting these effects under the microscope. Objective: Evaluating the effect of blueberries consumption in humans, in order to draw relevant conclusions for their beneficial effect and thus develop food policies and launch target in future searches. Methods: Comprehensive review of published studies of the last decade, using keyword combinations which are derived from the available database. Results: Based on the cited studies, that blueberries consumption reduces degenerative damage caused by free radicals, increases the natural killer cells and inflammatory cytokines, and provides evidence for cellular antioxidant defense against DNA damage, playing also an important role in the anti-cancer nutritional preventive treatment. Moreover, the blueberries consumption protects the elderly from neurodegenerative diseases, which are associated with oxidative stress and aging, improves gait performance, vascular function and insulin sensitivity. It also benefits school-age children's cognitive function. The blueberries consumption also positively influences certain bifidobacterial populations, affects the recovery of visual acuity and operates as a complementary therapeutic factor to reduce the severity of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Conclusion: The consumption of blueberries is a supplementary function to prevent and cure chronic inflammatory diseases, providing an admirable medical therapy support in order to reduce degenerative damage. However, further studies conducted on larger populations are strongly recommended. Keywords: Blueberries, chronic diseases, complementary therapeutic factor, degenerative damage, human health, Vaccinium myrtillus.

BLUE VERSUS GRAY: POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLUEBERRIES FOR SUCCESSFUL AGING

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 0

Year: 2017

Authors: D. Ingram, B. Shukitt-Hale

Journal: Innovation in Aging

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Consuming blueberries may promote successful aging due to their high levels of polyphenols, antioxidant protection, and stress signaling pathways.

Abstract: Emerging evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies have generated evidence of the potential health benefits of consuming blueberries (BBs). This fruit contains among the highest levels of polyphenols identified that provide highly effective antioxidant protection in addition to activating a wide range of other stress signaling pathways directly impacting health. The challenge now is to identify mechanisms through which BBs mediate their health benefits. Based on a wide range of preclinical and clinical studies, D Ingram (LSU, USA) will chair this symposium to review progress in assessing the health effects of BBs to promote successful aging. A Rodriguez-Mateos (U. Duesseldorf, GERMANY) will review studies examining the cardiovascular effects of BBs. CM Williams (U Reading, UK) will examine the cognitive effects of BB consumption in children and adults. B Shukitt-Hale (USDA/Tufts U, USA) will present data examining the effects of BB on motor and cognitive performance and brain inflammation in older adults. Y Desjardins (Laval U, CANADA) will present findings highlighting effects of BB consumption on the microbiome and its impact upon various health parameters. D Ingram will conclude with a talk focused on the concept of “hormesis.” Specifically, he will present data showing that berry fruits provide long-term protection against oxidative stress because they initially generate an essential mild oxidative stress.

Effect of Blueberry Consumption on Cardiometabolic Health Parameters in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: An 8-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 60

Year: 2020

Authors: Kim S. Stote, Margaret Wilson, D. Hallenbeck, Krista Thomas, Joanne M Rourke, M. Sweeney, K. Gottschall-Pass, A. Gosmanov

Journal: Current Developments in Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Consuming 22 g of freeze-dried blueberries for 8 weeks may improve cardiometabolic health parameters in men with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Background Blueberries are dietary sources of polyphenols, specifically anthocyanins. Anthocyanins have been identified as having a strong association with type 2 diabetes risk reduction; however, to date few human clinical trials have evaluated the potential beneficial health effects of blueberries in populations with type 2 diabetes. Objectives We investigated the effects of blueberry consumption for 8 wk on cardiometabolic parameters in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods In a double-blind, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial, 52 men who are US veterans [mean baseline characteristics: age, 67 y (range: 51–75 y); weight, 102 kg (range: 80–130 kg); BMI (in kg/m2), 34 (range: 26–45)] were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 intervention groups. The interventions were either 22 g freeze-dried blueberries or 22 g placebo. The study participants were asked to consume 11 g freeze-dried blueberries or placebo with each of their morning and evening meals along with their typical diet. Results Mean ± SE hemoglobin A1c (7.1% ± 0.1% compared with 7.5% ± 0.2%; P = 0.03), fructosamine (275.5 ± 4.1 compared with 292.4 ± 7.9 µmol/L; P = 0.04), triglycerides (179.6 ± 10.1 compared with 199.6 ± 19.9 mg/dL; P = 0.03), aspartate transaminase (23.2 ± 1.4 compared with 30.5 ± 2.7 units/L; P = 0.02), and alanine transaminase (35.6 ± 1.5 compared with 48.3 ± 2.9 units/L; P = 0.0003) were significantly lower for those consuming blueberries for 8 wk than for those consuming the placebo. Fasting plasma glucose concentrations; serum insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and C-reactive protein concentrations; blood pressure; and body weight were not significantly different after 8 wk consumption of blueberries compared with the placebo. Conclusions Consumption of 22 g freeze-dried blueberries for 8 wk may beneficially affect cardiometabolic health parameters in men with type 2 diabetes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02972996.

Blueberries and cardiovascular disease prevention.

Type of study:

Number of citations: 42

Year: 2019

Authors: E. Wood, S. Hein, C. Heiss, C. Williams, A. Rodriguez-Mateos

Journal: Food & function

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberries, rich in anthocyanins, are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly in terms of flow-mediated dilation.

Abstract: Blueberries are a rich source of (poly)phenols, particularly anthocyanins. Epidemiological studies indicate that anthocyanin-rich foods including blueberries are associated with a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease. These observational findings are supported by a number of randomized-controlled trials showing improvements in biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk. The beneficial effects of blueberry (poly)phenols are particularly clear when measuring flow-mediated dilation over various timeframes and study populations. However, other outcomes are less clear, such as effects on blood pressure, arterial stiffness and blood lipid profile. This may be due to the heterogeneity existing in study designs, such as duration of the intervention, and the health status of participants. Longer-term RCTs using gold standard methods in relevant populations which can be translated to the general public are needed to clarify and strengthen the evidence available. While circulating phenolic blueberry metabolites have been linked with improvements in vascular function, the biological activities and mechanisms of action of individual metabolites and their interaction in vivo are still unknown. Evaluating the bioactivities of metabolites alone and together, and analysing their structure-activity relationship in well-designed and physiologically relevant experimental and human studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of how these metabolites affect vascular function.

Circulating Anthocyanin Metabolites Mediate Vascular Benefits of Blueberries: Insights From Randomized Controlled Trials, Metabolomics, and Nutrigenomics.

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 111

Year: 2019

Authors: A. Rodriguez-Mateos, Geoffrey Istas, Lisa Boschek, R. Feliciano, C. Mills, C. Boby, S. Gómez-Alonso, D. Milenkovic, C. Heiss

Journal: The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Anthocyanin metabolites play a major role in improving vascular function and modulating cellular gene programs, with daily wild blueberry consumption leading to increased flow-mediated dilation and lower blood pressure.

Abstract: Potential health benefits of blueberries may be due to vascular effects of anthocyanins that predominantly circulate in blood as phenolic acid metabolites. We investigated which role blueberry anthocyanins and circulating metabolites play in mediating improvements in vascular function and explore potential mechanisms using metabolomics and nutrigenomics. Purified anthocyanins exerted a dose-dependent improvement of endothelial function in healthy humans, as measured by flow-mediated dilation. The effects were similar to those of wild blueberries containing similar amounts of anthocyanins, whereas control drinks containing fiber, minerals, or vitamins had no significant effect. Daily 1-month wild blueberry consumption increased flow-mediated dilation and lowered 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure. Of the 63 anthocyanin plasma metabolites quantified, 14 and 21 correlated with acute and chronic flow-mediated dilation improvements, respectively. Injection of these metabolites improved flow-mediated dilation in mice. Daily wild blueberry consumption led to differential expression (>1.2-fold) of 608 genes and 3 microRNAs, with Mir-181c showing a 13-fold increase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Patterns of 13 metabolites were independent predictors of gene expression changes and pathway enrichment analysis revealed significantly modulated biological processes involved in cell adhesion, migration, immune response, and cell differentiation. Our results identify anthocyanin metabolites as major mediators of vascular bioactivities of blueberries and changes of cellular gene programs. Trial registration: NCT025208.

Comparison of phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and cellular antioxidant activities of different varieties of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.).

Type of study:

Number of citations: 226

Year: 2017

Authors: Huailing Wang, Xinbo Guo, Xiaodan Hu, Tong Li, Xiong Fu, R. Liu

Journal: Food chemistry

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Different blueberry varieties show varying antioxidant and cellular antioxidant activities, with potential protective benefits against liver cancer.

The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 38

Year: 2021

Authors: Laura Felgus-Lavefve, L. Howard, S. Adams, J. Baum

Journal: Advances in nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry phytochemicals show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in cell models, with potential implications for human health through modulation of pro-inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress.

Abstract: Blueberries have been extensively studied for the health benefits associated with their high phenolic content. The positive impact of blueberry consumption on human health is associated in part with modulation of pro-inflammatory molecular pathways and oxidative stress. Here, we review in vitro studies examining the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of blueberry phytochemicals, discuss the results in terms of relevance to disease and health, and consider how different blueberry components modulate cellular mechanisms. The dampening effects of blueberry-derived molecules on inflammation and oxidative stress in cell models have been demonstrated through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway and reduction of ROS and lipid peroxidation. The modulatory effects of blueberry phytochemicals on the MAPK pathway and antioxidant system are not as well described, with inconsistent observations reported on immune cells and between models of endothelial, dermal, and ocular inflammation. Although anthocyanins are often reported as the being the main bioactive compound in blueberries, no individual phytochemical has emerged as the primary compound when different fractions are compared; rather, an effect of whole blueberry extracts or synergy between different phenolic and non-phenolic extracts seems apparent. The major molecular mechanisms of blueberry phytochemicals are increasingly defined in cell models, but their relevance in more complex human systems needs further investigation using well-controlled clinical trials, in which systemic exposures to blueberry-associated molecules are measured concurrently with physiologic indices of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Blueberry fruit valorization and valuable constituents: A review.

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 85

Year: 2022

Authors: Yumin Duan, A. Tarafdar, Deepshi Chaurasia, Anuradha Singh, P. Bhargava, Jianfeng Yang, Ze-Ling Li, Xinhua Ni, Yuan Tian, Huike Li, M. Awasthi

Journal: International journal of food microbiology

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry fruit has significant health benefits, but its perishability limits its use in traditional foods.

Effects of daily blueberry consumption on circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant defense in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension: a randomized controlled trial.

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 49

Year: 2017

Authors: Sarah A. Johnson, Rafaela G. Feresin, Negin Navaei, A. Figueroa, M. Elam, Neda S Akhavan, S. Hooshmand, Shirin Pourafshar, M. Payton, B. Arjmandi

Journal: Food & function

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Daily blueberry consumption for 4 weeks reduced oxidative DNA damage in pre- and stage 1-hypertensive postmenopausal women, but not for 8 weeks.

Abstract: Oxidative stress and inflammation are central to the development of a number of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and previous research suggests that blueberry consumption may attenuate these processes. The present study investigated the effects of blueberries on blood biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant defense in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension. In a randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 40 pre- and stage 1-hypertensive postmenopausal women aged 45 to 65 years were randomly assigned to receive 22 g freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder per day (Blueberry) or 22 g placebo powder per day (Control) for 8 weeks. A blood biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as well as blood biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant defense were assessed at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. 8-OHdG levels were significantly (P = 0.008) lower in Blueberry compared to Control at 4 weeks with a significant time-by-treatment interaction (P = 0.04). Levels were not different between groups at 8 weeks. Other biomarkers measured were not affected by blueberry consumption. Daily consumption of blueberries for 4 weeks, but not 8 weeks, attenuated a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in pre- and stage 1-hypertensive postmenopausal women. Future clinical studies should directly evaluate the effects of blueberry consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant defense at the cellular level and in the vasculature in this population.

Recent advances in nuclear receptors-mediated health benefits of blueberry.

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 15

Year: 2022

Authors: Haoyang Zou, H. Ye, J. Zhang, Li Ren

Journal: Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry supplementation offers health benefits by mediating the transcription of nuclear receptors, including cancer treatment, metabolic syndrome alleviation, and liver protection.

Protective effects of blueberries on vascular function: A narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence.

Type of study: literature review

Number of citations: 14

Year: 2023

Authors: E. Woolf, Sylvia Y Lee, Nancy Ghanem, Allegra R. Vazquez, Sarah A. Johnson

Journal: Nutrition research

Journal ranking: Q2

Key takeaways: Blueberry consumption can improve vascular function by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota, with potential benefits for endothelial function and arterial stiffening.

Blueberry proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins improve metabolic health through a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism in diet-induced obese mice.

Type of study:

Number of citations: 81

Year: 2020

Authors: Arianne Morissette, Camille Kropp, Jean-Philippe Songpadith, Rafael Junges Moreira, J. Costa, Roger Mariné Casadó, G. Pilon, Thibault V. Varin, Stéphanie Dudonné, L. Boutekrabt, P. St‐Pierre, E. Levy, D. Roy, Y. Desjardins, F. Raymond, Vanessa P. Houde, A. Marette

Journal: American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry polyphenols can reduce body weight and improve insulin sensitivity, with at least part of these effects linked to modulation of gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice.

Abstract: Blueberry consumption can prevent obesity-linked metabolic diseases and it has been proposed that its polyphenol content may contribute to these effects. Polyphenols have been shown to favourably impact metabolic health, but the role of specific polyphenol classes, and whether the gut microbiota is linked to these effects remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of whole blueberry and blueberry polyphenols against the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and to determine the potential role of gut microbes in these effects by using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Seventy C57BL/6 male mice were assigned to one of the following diets for 12 weeks: balanced diet (Chow), high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet, or HFHS supplemented with whole blueberry powder (BB), anthocyanidin (ANT) or proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich extracts. After 8 weeks, mice were housed in metabolic cages and an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was performed. Sixty germ-free mice fed HFHS diet received FMT from one of the above groups bi-weekly for 8 weeks, followed by an oGTT. PAC-treated mice were leaner than HFHS controls although they had the same energy intake and were more physically active. This observation was reproduced in germ-free mice receiving FMT from PAC-treated mice. PAC and ANT-treated mice showed improved insulin responses during oGTT, and this finding was also reproduced in germ-free mice following FMT. These results show that blueberry PAC and ANT polyphenols can reduce diet-induced body weight and improve insulin sensitivity, and that at least part of these beneficial effects are explained by modulation of the gut microbiota.

Scientific Evidence for the Beneficial Effects of Dietary Blueberries on Gut Health: A Systematic Review.

Type of study: systematic review

Number of citations: 9

Year: 2023

Authors: C. M. Della Lucia, L. Oliveira, K. A. Dias, S. Pereira, Aline Rosignoli da Conceição, Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu

Journal: Molecular nutrition & food research

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Dietary blueberries improve gut health by improving intestinal morphology, reducing gut permeability, suppressing oxidative stress, alleviating gut inflammation, and modulating gut microbes.

Abstract: Emerging evidence indicates the association between an unhealthy gut and chronic diseases. A healthy gut comprises an intact gut epithelium and balanced gut microbes. Diet is one of the critical factors that modulate gut health by positively or negatively affecting the intestinal barrier and gut microbes. Blueberries are an excellent source of health-promoting bioactive components, and this systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary blueberries on gut health. A literature search is conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to review relevant studies published between 2011 and 2022 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias (SYRCLE-RoB) tool is used for methodological quality assessments. Sixteen studies included from four countries are reviewed and the results are synthesized narratively. This data analysis indicates that blueberry supplementation improves gut health by improving intestinal morphology, reducing gut permeability, suppressing oxidative stress, ameliorating gut inflammation, and modulating the composition and function of gut microbes. However, there are significant knowledge gaps in this field. These findings indicate that further studies are needed to establish the beneficial effects of blueberries on gut health.

Blueberry polyphenols increase lifespan and thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans

Type of study: non-rct in vitro

Number of citations: 371

Year: 2006

Authors: M. Wilson, B. Shukitt-Hale, W. Kalt, D. Ingram, J. Joseph, C. Wolkow

Journal: Aging Cell

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry polyphenols increase lifespan and slow aging-related declines in Caenorhabditis elegans, with benefits distinct from their antioxidant effects.

Abstract: The beneficial effects of polyphenol compounds in fruits and vegetables are mainly extrapolated from in vitro studies or short‐term dietary supplementation studies. Due to cost and duration, relatively little is known about whether dietary polyphenols are beneficial in whole animals, particularly with respect to aging. To address this question, we examined the effects of blueberry polyphenols on lifespan and aging of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, a useful organism for such a study. We report that a complex mixture of blueberry polyphenols increased lifespan and slowed aging‐related declines in C. elegans. We also found that these benefits did not just reflect antioxidant activity in these compounds. For instance, blueberry treatment increased survival during acute heat stress, but was not protective against acute oxidative stress. The blueberry extract consists of three major fractions that all contain antioxidant activity. However, only one fraction, enriched in proanthocyanidin compounds, increased C. elegans lifespan and thermotolerance. To further determine how polyphenols prolonged C. elegans lifespan, we analyzed the genetic requirements for these effects. Prolonged lifespan from this treatment required the presence of a CaMKII pathway that mediates osmotic stress resistance, though not other pathways that affect stress resistance and longevity. In conclusion, polyphenolic compounds in blueberries had robust and reproducible benefits during aging that were separable from antioxidant effects.

Transcriptomic Approaches to Investigate the Anti-Aging Effects of Blueberry Anthocyanins in a Caenorhabditis Elegans Aging Model

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 1

Year: 2024

Authors: Jie Ding, Jiahui Liu, Qingqi Guo, Na Zhang

Journal: Antioxidants

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry anthocyanins extend lifespan, improve locomotion, and reduce lipofuscin and ROS accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans, activating anti-aging pathways and upregulating key genes.

Abstract: This study investigates the anti-aging effects of various concentrations of blueberry anthocyanins (BA) on the lifespan and health-related phenotypes of Caenorhabditis elegans. Blueberry anthocyanins were administered at concentrations of 50.0 μg/mL, 200.0 μg/mL, and 500.0 μg/mL, and their effects on nematode lifespan, locomotion, pharyngeal pumping rate, and the accumulation of lipofuscin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to explore the regulatory effects of BA on anti-aging molecular pathways and key genes in C. elegans. Results showed a significant, dose-dependent extension of lifespan, improvement in locomotion and pharyngeal pumping rate, and reduction in lipofuscin and ROS accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BA activated anti-aging pathways such as FOXO, IIS, and PI3K/Akt, upregulating critical genes like daf-16. These findings highlight the potential of blueberry anthocyanins as promising anti-aging agents through multiple physiological and molecular mechanisms.

Combination of apple peel and blueberry extracts synergistically induced lifespan extension via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 16

Year: 2020

Authors: Bingbing Song, Hong Wang, W. Xia, Bisheng Zheng, Tong Li, R. Liu

Journal: Food & function

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Apple peel and blueberry extracts synergistically promote lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans by 31.4%, with potential health benefits including improved motility and resistance to heat stress and UV-B radiation.

Abstract: Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of age-related functional decline and chronic diseases, which is primarily attributed to their phytochemicals. Apples and blueberries are rich in phytochemicals with a wide range of biological activities and health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combination of apple peel extracts (APE) and blueberry extracts (BE) had synergistic effects in promoting lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action. The results showed that the lifespan of C. elegans treated with APE plus BE was increased by 31.4%, which is significantly more than with APE or BE alone, and extended the health span of animals, including improving motility and enhancing resistance to heat stress and UV-B radiation in C. elegans. Meanwhile, treatment with APE plus BE could regulate the expression of anti-aging related genes, and promote the migration of DAF-16 into the nucleus. In addition, administration with APE plus BE eradicated the extension of the lifespan of mutants, and inhibited the expression of the daf-16 downstream gene. In conclusion, the combination of APE and BE could synergistically promote the lifespan via the insulin signaling pathway and DAF-16 in C. elegans.

SKN-1 is involved in combination of apple peels and blueberry extracts synergistically protecting against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 17

Year: 2020

Authors: Bingbing Song, Bisheng Zheng, Tong Li, R. Liu

Journal: Food & function

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: The combination of apple peel and blueberry extracts can synergistically protect against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans, potentially preventing aging regulated by oxidative stress.

Abstract: Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of age-related functional declines and chronic diseases, primarily attributed to their bioactive phytochemicals. Apples and blueberries are rich in phytochemicals with a wide range of biological activities and health benefits. Our previous research has shown the combination of apple peel extracts (APE) and blueberry extracts (BE) can synergistically promote the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The objectives of this study were to determine whether the extension of lifespan was involved in regulation of oxidative stress, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action. The results showed that the combination of APE and BE could synergistically ameliorate oxidative stress by improving antioxidant enzyme activities and enhancing resistance to paraquat. Meanwhile, treatment with APE plus BE could down-regulate the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and affect the expression of antioxidant related genes, including sod-3, cat-1, ctl-1, skn-1, mev-1 and isp-1. However, administration with APE plus BE abolished the extension of the lifespan of skn-1(zu135) mutants, and inhibited the expression of skn-1 downstream genes, including gcs-1, gst-4 and gst-7. In addition, supplementation with APE plus BE could promote the migration of SKN-1 into the nucleus, which eliminated improvement to ROS and paraquat. In conclusion, the combination of APE and BE could synergistically protect against oxidative stress in C. elegans via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway. This study provided the theoretical basis to explore the combination of phytochemicals in the prevention of aging regulated by oxidative stress.

Six-month intervention with wild blueberries improved speed of processing in mild cognitive decline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

Type of study: rct

Number of citations: 16

Year: 2022

Authors: Carol L Cheatham, L. Canipe, Grace Millsap, Julie M. Stegall, Sheau C Chai, Kelly Sheppard, M. Lila

Journal: Nutritional Neuroscience

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Consumption of wild blueberries for six months improves cognitive aging sequelae by improving the speed of information processing in older adults.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Background As the sector of the population over 65y increases, cognitive decline and dementia become a public health issue. Interventions to improve brain health and thus, quality of life for older adults are needed. Objective It was hypothesized that those consuming a flavonoid-rich, lyophilized wild blueberry powder would evidence improvements in cognitive performance as measured behaviorally and electrophysiologically compared to those consuming a placebo powder across a 6-month intervention period. Design In a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial, participants experiencing cognitive issues as determined by scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were randomized to consume either wild blueberry (n  =  44) or placebo (n  =  42) powder daily for 6 months. Participants who were not experiencing any cognitive issues were included as a reference group (n = 45). Participants were tested at baseline and outcome on the Cambridge Neurological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and in an electrophysiological paradigm known as event-related potentials (ERP). Results Tests of specific cognitive abilities using the CANTAB showed speed of processing not only improved in the blueberry intervention group relative to the placebo group across the 6-month intervention, but blueberries also restored speed of processing to the level of the reference group. The ERP results also showed that, relative to those consuming placebo, speed of processing improved for those in the blueberry group; this improvement was most prominent in those 75-80y. Conclusions Consumption of wild blueberries for six months improves cognitive aging sequelae by improving the speed of information processing in older adults. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01515098.

Blueberry benefits to cognitive function across the lifespan

Type of study:

Number of citations: 13

Year: 2020

Authors: L. Bell, C. Williams

Journal: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberries provide a small but tangible benefit to cognitive function across the lifespan, with effects seen at doses easily achievable within a normal diet.

Abstract: Abstract It is well known that what we eat can influence our physical wellbeing, but interest is also increasing in the relationship between our diet and cognitive health. In recent years, blueberries have risen from relative obscurity to superfood status following a number of published epidemiological studies, rodent trials, and human RCTs, that suggest blueberries may convey benefits to cognition and mood. This commentary explores some of the evidence in humans, particularly during periods of cognitive development in the young and cognitive decline in the elderly. Evidence for possible mechanisms of action are also described. There is little doubt that blueberries convey a small, but tangible, benefit to cognitive function. Effects are seen following dose sizes easily achievable within a normal diet. Nevertheless, further research is needed on the cognitive domains influenced, additional benefits of longer-term supplementation, mechanisms of action responsible, and the real-world relevance of the cognitive benefits attained.

Blueberry extract prolongs lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 130

Year: 2012

Authors: C. Peng, Yuan-yuan Zuo, K. Kwan, Yintong Liang, K. Ma, Ho Yin Edwin Chan, Yu Huang, Hongjian Yu, Zhen-Yu Chen

Journal: Experimental Gerontology

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry extracts can extend the lifespan of fruit flies by 10%, partially due to their interactions with MTH, Rpn11, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT.

Blueberries and Neuronal Aging

Type of study:

Number of citations: 49

Year: 2012

Authors: B. Shukitt-Hale

Journal: Gerontology

Journal ranking: Q2

Key takeaways: Consumption of blueberries may help prevent or reverse age-related neuronal deficits, potentially promoting healthy aging through lowering oxidative stress and inflammation.

Abstract: As the population of people in the United States over the age of 65 years continues to increase, so too will the incidence of age-related pathologies, including decreases in cognitive and motor function. In cases of severe deficits in memory or motor function, hospitalization and/or custodial care would be a likely outcome. This means that unless some way is found to reduce these age-related decrements in neuronal function, health care costs will continue to rise exponentially. Evidence is accumulating that consumption of blueberries may be one strategy to forestall or even reverse age-related neuronal deficits, as well as their subsequent behavioral manifestations, in order to increase healthy aging. Research suggests that the polyphenolic compounds found in blueberries exert their beneficial effects either through their ability to lower oxidative stress and inflammation or directly by altering the signaling involved in neuronal communication. These interventions, in turn, may protect against age-related deficits in cognitive and motor function. Appropriately, the US Department of Agriculture has figured prominently in these discoveries, through the efforts of two USDA researchers who worked for the department 100 years apart.

Lowbush cranberry acts through DAF-16/FOXO signaling to promote increased lifespan and axon branching in aging posterior touch receptor neurons

Type of study: non-rct experimental

Number of citations: 13

Year: 2018

Authors: Courtney Scerbak, Elena M. Vayndorf, A. Hernández, Colin M. Mcgill, Barbara E. Taylor

Journal: GeroScience

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Lowbush cranberry treatment extends lifespan and improves mechanosensation in aged touch receptor neurons through DAF-16/FOXO signaling, highlighting the importance of this pathway in aging.

Abstract: Medicinal berries are appreciated for their health benefits, in traditional ecological knowledge and nutrition science. Determining the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of berry supplementation may contribute to our understanding of aging. Here, we report that lowbush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) treatment causes marked nuclear localization of the central aging-related transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO in aged Caenorhabditis elegans. Further, functional DAF-16 is required for the lifespan extension, improved mechanosensation, and posterior touch receptor neuron morphological changes induced by lowbush cranberry treatments. DAF-16 is not observed in nuceli nor required for lifespan extension in lifespan-extending Alaskan blueberry treatments and, while DAF-16 is not visibly induced into the nucleus in lifespan-extending Alaskan chaga treatments, it is required for chaga-induced lifespan extension. These findings underscore the importance of DAF-16 in the aging of whole organisms and touch receptor neurons and also, importantly, indicate that this critical pathway is not always activated upon consumption of functional foods that impact aging.

The beneficial effects of fruit polyphenols on brain aging

Type of study:

Number of citations: 243

Year: 2005

Authors: F. C. Lau, B. Shukitt-Hale, J. Joseph

Journal: Neurobiology of Aging

Journal ranking: Q1

Key takeaways: Blueberry polyphenols can reverse age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction and cognitive and motor deficits, and short-term supplementation increases hippocampal plasticity.